تحلیل فضایی مخاطرات محیطی

تحلیل فضایی مخاطرات محیطی

نقش دانش بومی و کارشناسی در حاکمیت سرزمین؛ مقایسه مرز سامان‌های عرفی و پارسل‌ها با توجه به عوامل بوم‌شناختی در جنگل‌های هیرکانی

نویسنده
گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران.‌
چکیده
هدف: چرای دام در جنگل‌های هیرکانی از کهن‌ترین اشکال بهره‌برداری بومی است که در محدوده‌های موسوم به سامان‌های عرفی انجام می‌شده، در حالی‌که بهره‌برداری رسمی جنگل‌ها در قالب طرح‌های مدیریت و واحدهای پارسل صورت می‌گیرد. مطالعه حاضر با هدف بررسی نقش عوامل بوم‌شناختی در تعیین مرزهای مشخص‌شده توسط مردم (سامان‌های عرفی) و کارشناسان (پارسل‌ها) در بخشی از جنگل‌های نوشهر شامل سری‌های نمخانه و گرازبن انجام شد.

روش پژوهشی: عوامل مورد بررسی شامل تیپ پوشش گیاهی، رودخانه‌ اصلی، رودخانه‌های فرعی، یال‌ها، دره‌ها، دامنه‌ها و جهت بودند. نقشه مرزبندی سامان‌های عرفی و پارسل‌های محدوده مورد مطالعه با مرز عوامل ساختاری بوم‌شناختی در محیط سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی تلاقی داده شد تا میزان انطباق مرزها با عوامل مذکور ارزیابی شود. همچنین از آنجائیکه در مرزبندی پارسل‌ها، جاده‌ها نقش تعیین‌کننده‌ای دارند، نقش جاده‌ها نیز برای مرزبندی پارسل‌ها بررسی شد.

یافتهها:

نتایج نشان داد 02/90 درصد از مرز سامان‌های عرفی با فاکتورهای بوم‌شناختی منطبق بوده و تنها 5/4 کیلومتر از آن‌ها با این عوامل تطابق ندارد. همچنین که 29/81 و 2/85 کیلومتر از مرز پارسل‌ها (معادل 22/90 و 56/94 درصد) به‌ترتیب تحت تأثیر عوامل بوم‌شناختی و ترکیب بوم‌شناسی و جاده‌ها تعیین شده است. در مجموع 81/8 کیلومتر از مرز پارسل‌ها با عوامل بوم‌شناختی منطبق نیست که با لحاظ نقش جاده‌ها به 4/9 کیلومتر کاهش می‌یابد. در میان عوامل بوم‌شناختی، تیپ‌های گیاهی و جهت بیشترین تأثیر را در مرزبندی سامان‌ها و پارسل‌ها دارند. صد درصد رودخانه‌های اصلی در شکل‌گیری مرزها نقش داشته‌اند (معادل 17 و 9 درصد طول مرز سامان‌ها و پارسل‌ها). همچنین کمتر از یک کیلومتر از جاده‌ها با مرز پارسل‌ها منطبق نبوده و حدود 32 درصد از مرز پارسل‌ها منطبق بر مسیر جاده‌ها است.

نتیجه‌گیری: این یافته‌ها بیانگر آن است که دانش بومی در تعیین مرزهای سامان‌های عرفی، با تکیه بر شناخت دقیق از عوامل بوم‌شناختی شکل گرفته است، در حالی که دانش کارشناسی در طراحی مرز پارسل‌ها علاوه بر ملاحظات بوم‌شناسی، ملاحظات مدیریتی و دسترسی را نیز مدنظر قرار داده است.
کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله English

The role of indigenous and expert knowledge in land governance: a comparison of customary system and compartment boundaries considering ecological factors in the Hyrcanian forests

نویسنده English

Malihe Erfani
Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
چکیده English

Objective: Livestock grazing in the Hyrcanian forests is one of the oldest forms of traditional land use, practiced within locally defined areas known as customary systems. In contrast, formal forest utilization is conducted through management plans divided into compartments. This study aimed to examine the role of ecological factors in shaping the boundaries defined by local communities (customary systems) and by experts (compartments) in parts of the Nowshahr forests, including the Namkhaneh and Garazbon series.

Methods: The ecological factors analyzed included vegetation type, main and sub-rivers, ridge, ravine, hillsides, and aspect. Boundary maps of customary system and compartment were compared with ecological boundary maps in a Geographic Information System (GIS). Since roads play a determining role in compartment boundaries, their influence was also examined.

Results: Results showed that 90.02% of customary system boundaries aligned with ecological factors, while only 4.5 km did not. Moreover, 81.29 km and 85.2 km of compartment boundaries (equivalent to 90.22% and 94.56%) were determined by ecological factors, respectively, and by the combined effect of ecological factors and roads. In total, 8.81 km of compartment boundaries were not consistent with ecological factors, which decreased to 4.9 km when road influence was considered. Among ecological variables, vegetation type and aspect had the greatest effect on boundary formation. All major rivers contributed to defining boundaries, representing 17% of customary system boundaries and 9% of compartment boundaries. Less than one kilometer of roads did not coincide with compartment boundaries, while about 32% of compartment boundaries overlapped with roads.

Conclusions: These findings indicate that traditional knowledge used in defining customary system is rooted in a deep understanding of structural factors of ecology, whereas expert-designed compartment boundaries also incorporate management and accessibility considerations alongside ecological ones.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Keywords: Land demarcation systems
Forest governance
Sustainable forest management
human-created ecotones
Social-ecological systems
Tragedy of the commons
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