تحلیل فضایی مخاطرات محیطی

تحلیل فضایی مخاطرات محیطی

مرور نظام‌مند رویکردها و روش های ارزیابی تاب آوری سیل در محیط‌های شهری

نویسنده
سازمان سمت
چکیده
رشد جمعیت و شهرسازی دو عامل اولیه در افزایش خطر سیل در مناطق شهری به ‌شمار می‌روند. هم‌زمان با گسترش روز‌افزون شهرنشینی در بسیاری از شهرها تغییرات کاربری زمین منجر به افزایش حجم روانابهای سطحی و تغییر رژیم‌های‌ سیلابی رودخانهها شده است. از این رو سیل‌ شهری یکی از مخاطراتی است که به‌طور مستقیم و غیر‌مستقیم آثار زیان‌بار خود را بر شهرهای مختلف ایران وارد ساخته است. از آنجا که تابآوری با ترکیب مؤلفههای مختلف درک جامعی از شرایط فراهم میسازد میتواند در ایجاد ابزارهای مدیریت ریسک سیل شهری مثمر ثمر باشد. برای اینکه بتوان از مفهوم تابآوری به‌طور مؤثر در فرایند تصمیم‌گیری و مدیریت سیلاب‌های شهری استفاده کرد، لازم است تابآوری شهر در برابر مخاطره سیل موردسنجش و ارزیابی قرار گیرد. با وجود این، سنجش تابآوری در محیط‌های شهری در برابر سیل به‌دلیل عدم شفافیت لازم در زمینه رویکردهای روش‌شناختی با چالش جدی مواجه است. بر این اساس در این مطالعه با مرور نظام‌مند و فراتحلیل مطالعات انجام شده در زمینه ارزیابی تابآوری محیطهای شهری در برابر سیل رویکردها و روش‌‌ها در این زمینه مورد واکاوی قرار گرفته است. مطابق یافته‌های تحقیق روش‌های ارزیابی تاب‌آوری محیط‌های شهری در برابر سیل، به سه دسته کمی، نیمه‌کمی و کیفی تقسیم میشوند. روش‌های کیفی از تنوع کمتری نسبت به روشهای کمی برخوردارند و غالباً شامل روش مصاحبه‌گیری و چارچوب‌های مفهومی نظری میشوند. غالب روش‌های ارزیابی در این زمینه روش‌های کمی و نیمه‌کمی هستند که می‌توان آن‌ها را در دو دسته پرکاربرد یعنی روش‌های مبتنی بر شبیه‌سازی و روش‌های مبتنی بر شاخص‌سازی جای داد. در رویکرد مبتنی بر شبیهسازی به‌طورکلی از مدلسازی هیدرولوژیکی و شبیهسازی سیلاب استفاده می‌شود. روش‌های مبتنی بر شاخصسازی در شکل‌های متفاوت توسعه‌یافتهاند اما به‌طورکلی از اصول یکسانی پیروی میکنند و میتوان از آنها برای تحلیل تابآوری دیگر انواع مخاطرات در عرصههای جغرافیایی نیز استفاده کرد.





کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله English

Systematic review of flood resilience assessment approaches and methods in urban environments

نویسنده English

Majid Ramezani Mehrian
Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Research and Development of Human Sciences (SAT), Tehran, Iran.
چکیده English

Population growth and urbanization are two primary factors in increasing the risk of flooding in urban areas. Along with the increasing urbanization in many cities, changes in land use have led to an increase in the volume of surface runoff and a change in the flood regimes of rivers. Therefore, urban flooding is one of the risks that directly and indirectly have harmful effects. It has entered various cities in Iran. Since resilience thought provides a comprehensive understanding of the conditions by combining different components, it can be fruitful in creating urban flood risk management tools. To be able to effectively use the concept of resilience in the process of decision-making and management of urban floods, it is necessary to measure and evaluate the city's resilience against flood risk. Despite this, the measurement of resilience in urban environments against floods faces a serious challenge due to the lack of transparency in the field of methodological approaches. Therefore, this study aims to clarify the approaches and methods with a systematic review and meta-analysis of the studies conducted in the field of assessing the resilience of urban environments against floods. According to the findings of the research, the methods of assessing the resilience of urban environments against floods are divided into three categories: quantitative, semi-quantitative, and qualitative. Qualitative methods have less diversity than quantitative methods and often include interviewing methods and theoretical conceptual frameworks. The majority of evaluation methods in this field are quantitative and semi-quantitative methods, which can be placed in two widely used categories, i.e. simulation-based methods and indexing-based methods. In the simulation-based approach, hydrological modeling and flood simulation are generally used. Methods based on indexing have been developed in different ways, but they generally follow the same principles and can be used to analyze the resilience of other types of risks in geographic areas.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Resilience
Urban flood
Assessment
Abdrabo, M., & Hassaan, M. A. 2015. An integrated framework for urban resilience to climate change–Case study: Sea level rise impacts on the Nile Delta coastal urban areas. Urban Climate, 14: 554-565.
Abdrabo, M., & Hassaan, M. A. 2015. An integrated framework for urban resilience to climate change–Case study: Sea level rise impacts on the Nile Delta coastal urban areas. Urban Climate, 14: 554-565.
Alexander, D. E. 2013. Resilience and disaster risk reduction: an etymological journey. Natural Hazards & Earth System Sciences, 13(11).
Alexander, D. E. 2013. Resilience and disaster risk reduction: an etymological journey. Natural Hazards & Earth System Sciences, 13(11).
Allen, T. R., Crawford, T., Montz, B., Whitehead, J., Lovelace, S., Hanks, A. D., . . . Kearney, G. D. 2019. Linking water infrastructure, public health, and sea level rise: Integrated assessment of flood resilience in coastal cities. Public Works Management & Policy, 24(1): 110-139.
Allen, T. R., Crawford, T., Montz, B., Whitehead, J., Lovelace, S., Hanks, A. D., . . . Kearney, G. D. 2019. Linking water infrastructure, public health, and sea level rise: Integrated assessment of flood resilience in coastal cities. Public Works Management & Policy, 24(1): 110-139.
Bates, B., Kundzewicz, Z., Wu, S., & Palutikof, J. 2008. Climate change and water technical paper of the intergovernmental panel on climate change (Geneva: IPCC Secretariat). Climate Change, 95, 96.
Bates, B., Kundzewicz, Z., Wu, S., & Palutikof, J. 2008. Climate change and water technical paper of the intergovernmental panel on climate change (Geneva: IPCC Secretariat). Climate Change, 95, 96.
Batica, J., & Gourbesville, P. 2016. Resilience in flood risk management–a new communication tool. Procedia engineering, 154: 811-817.
Batica, J., & Gourbesville, P. 2016. Resilience in flood risk management–a new communication tool. Procedia engineering, 154: 811-817.
Bertilsson, L., Wiklund, K., de Moura Tebaldi, I., Rezende, O. M., Veról, A. P., & Miguez, M. G. 2019. Urban flood resilience–A multi-criteria index to integrate flood resilience into urban planning. Journal of hydrology, 573: 970-982.
Bertilsson, L., Wiklund, K., de Moura Tebaldi, I., Rezende, O. M., Veról, A. P., & Miguez, M. G. 2019. Urban flood resilience–A multi-criteria index to integrate flood resilience into urban planning. Journal of hydrology, 573: 970-982.
Birgani, Y. T., & Yazdandoost, F. 2016. Resilience in urban drainage risk management systems. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Water Management.
Birgani, Y. T., & Yazdandoost, F. 2016. Resilience in urban drainage risk management systems. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Water Management.
Birkland, T. A., & Waterman, S. 2016. The politics and policy challenges of disaster resilience. In Resilience Engineering Perspectives, 2 (37-60): CRC Press.
Birkland, T. A., & Waterman, S. 2016. The politics and policy challenges of disaster resilience. In Resilience Engineering Perspectives, 2 (37-60): CRC Press.
Burton, C. G. 2015. A validation of metrics for community resilience to natural hazards and disasters using the recovery from Hurricane Katrina as a case study. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 105(1): 67-86.
Burton, C. G. 2015. A validation of metrics for community resilience to natural hazards and disasters using the recovery from Hurricane Katrina as a case study. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 105(1): 67-86.
Cai, H., Lam, N. S., Qiang, Y., Zou, L., Correll, R. M., & Mihunov, V. 2018. A synthesis of disaster resilience measurement methods and indices. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 31: 844-855.
Cai, H., Lam, N. S., Qiang, Y., Zou, L., Correll, R. M., & Mihunov, V. 2018. A synthesis of disaster resilience measurement methods and indices. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 31: 844-855.
Campbell, K. A., Laurien, F., Czajkowski, J., Keating, A., Hochrainer-Stigler, S., & Montgomery, M. 2019. First insights from the Flood Resilience Measurement Tool: A large-scale community flood resilience analysis. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 40: 101257.
Campbell, K. A., Laurien, F., Czajkowski, J., Keating, A., Hochrainer-Stigler, S., & Montgomery, M. 2019. First insights from the Flood Resilience Measurement Tool: A large-scale community flood resilience analysis. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 40: 101257.
Cariolet, J.-M., Vuillet, M., & Diab, Y. 2019. Mapping urban resilience to disasters–A review. Sustainable Cities and Society, 51: 101746.
Cariolet, J.-M., Vuillet, M., & Diab, Y. 2019. Mapping urban resilience to disasters–A review. Sustainable Cities and Society, 51: 101746.
Chen, J., Chen, W., & Huang, G. 2021. Assessing urban pluvial flood resilience based on a novel grid-based quantification method that considers human risk perceptions. Journal of hydrology, 601:126601.
Chen, J., Chen, W., & Huang, G. 2021. Assessing urban pluvial flood resilience based on a novel grid-based quantification method that considers human risk perceptions. Journal of hydrology, 601:126601.
Cutter, S. L. 2016. The landscape of disaster resilience indicators in the USA. Natural hazards, 80(2): 741-758.
Cutter, S. L. 2016. The landscape of disaster resilience indicators in the USA. Natural hazards, 80(2): 741-758.
Cutter, S. L., Ahearn, J. A., Amadei, B., Crawford, P., Eide, E. A., Galloway, G. E., . . . Schoch-Spana, M. 2013. Disaster resilience: A national imperative. Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, 55(2): 25-29.
Cutter, S. L., Ahearn, J. A., Amadei, B., Crawford, P., Eide, E. A., Galloway, G. E., . . . Schoch-Spana, M. 2013. Disaster resilience: A national imperative. Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, 55(2): 25-29.
Cutter, S. L., Ash, K. D., & Emrich, C. T. 2014. The geographies of community disaster resilience. Global Environmental Change, 29: 65-77.
Cutter, S. L., Ash, K. D., & Emrich, C. T. 2014. The geographies of community disaster resilience. Global Environmental Change, 29: 65-77.
Cutter, S. L., Barnes, L., Berry, M., Burton, C., Evans, E., Tate, E., & Webb, J. 2008. A place-based model for understanding community resilience to natural disasters. Global Environmental Change, 18(4): 598-606.
Cutter, S. L., Barnes, L., Berry, M., Burton, C., Evans, E., Tate, E., & Webb, J. 2008. A place-based model for understanding community resilience to natural disasters. Global Environmental Change, 18(4): 598-606.
Cutter, S. L., Burton, C. G., & Emrich, C. T. 2010. Disaster resilience indicators for benchmarking baseline conditions. Journal of homeland security and emergency management, 7(1).
Cutter, S. L., Burton, C. G., & Emrich, C. T. 2010. Disaster resilience indicators for benchmarking baseline conditions. Journal of homeland security and emergency management, 7(1).
de Boer, J., Muggah, R., & Patel, R. 2016. Conceptualizing city fragility and resilience.
de Boer, J., Muggah, R., & Patel, R. 2016. Conceptualizing city fragility and resilience.
Fisher, L. 2015. More than 70 ways to show resilience. Nature, 518(7537): 35-35.
Fisher, L. 2015. More than 70 ways to show resilience. Nature, 518(7537): 35-35.
Folke, C. 2006. Resilience: The emergence of a perspective for social–ecological systems analyses. Global Environmental Change, 16(3): 253-267.
Folke, C. 2006. Resilience: The emergence of a perspective for social–ecological systems analyses. Global Environmental Change, 16(3): 253-267.
Foster, K. A. 2012. In search of regional resilience. Urban and regional policy and its effects: Building resilient regions, 4: 24-59.
Foster, K. A. 2012. In search of regional resilience. Urban and regional policy and its effects: Building resilient regions, 4: 24-59.
Fox-Lent, C., Bates, M. E., & Linkov, I. 2015. A matrix approach to community resilience assessment: an illustrative case at Rockaway Peninsula. Environment Systems and Decisions, 35(2): 209-218.
Fox-Lent, C., Bates, M. E., & Linkov, I. 2015. A matrix approach to community resilience assessment: an illustrative case at Rockaway Peninsula. Environment Systems and Decisions, 35(2): 209-218.
Gaitan, S., & van de Giesen, N. 2015. Spatial distribution of flood incidents along urban overland flow-paths. Water Resources Management, 29(9): 3387-3399.
Gaitan, S., & van de Giesen, N. 2015. Spatial distribution of flood incidents along urban overland flow-paths. Water Resources Management, 29(9): 3387-3399.
Holling, C. S. 1973. Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annual review of ecology and systematics, 4(1): 1-23.
Holling, C. S. 1973. Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annual review of ecology and systematics, 4(1): 1-23.
Huang, G., Shen, Z., & Mardin, R. 2019. Overview of urban planning and water-related disaster management. In Urban Planning and Water-related Disaster Management, 1-10: Springer.
Huang, G., Shen, Z., & Mardin, R. 2019. Overview of urban planning and water-related disaster management. In Urban Planning and Water-related Disaster Management, 1-10: Springer.
Karamouz, M., & Zahmatkesh, Z. 2017. Quantifying resilience and uncertainty in coastal flooding events: Framework for assessing urban vulnerability. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 143(1): 04016071.
Karamouz, M., & Zahmatkesh, Z. 2017. Quantifying resilience and uncertainty in coastal flooding events: Framework for assessing urban vulnerability. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 143(1): 04016071.
Keating, A., Campbell, K., Szoenyi, M., McQuistan, C., Nash, D., & Burer, M. 2017. Development and testing of a community flood resilience measurement tool. Natural hazards and earth system sciences, 17(1): 77-101.
Keating, A., Campbell, K., Szoenyi, M., McQuistan, C., Nash, D., & Burer, M. 2017. Development and testing of a community flood resilience measurement tool. Natural hazards and earth system sciences, 17(1): 77-101.
Kotzee, I., & Reyers, B. 2016. Piloting a social-ecological index for measuring flood resilience: A composite index approach. Ecological Indicators, 60: 45-53.
Kotzee, I., & Reyers, B. 2016. Piloting a social-ecological index for measuring flood resilience: A composite index approach. Ecological Indicators, 60: 45-53.
Kwok, A. H., Paton, D., Becker, J., Hudson-Doyle, E. E., & Johnston, D. 2018. A bottom-up approach to developing a neighbourhood-based resilience measurement framework. Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal.
Kwok, A. H., Paton, D., Becker, J., Hudson-Doyle, E. E., & Johnston, D. 2018. A bottom-up approach to developing a neighbourhood-based resilience measurement framework. Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal.
Landau, B. (2016). Résilience, vulnérabilité des territoires et génie urbain: Ponts et Chaussées.
Landau, B. (2016). Résilience, vulnérabilité des territoires et génie urbain: Ponts et Chaussées.
Leandro, J., Chen, K.-F., Wood, R. R., & Ludwig, R. 2020. A scalable flood-resilience-index for measuring climate change adaptation: Munich city. Water Research, 173: 115502.
Leandro, J., Chen, K.-F., Wood, R. R., & Ludwig, R. 2020. A scalable flood-resilience-index for measuring climate change adaptation: Munich city. Water Research, 173: 115502.
Lhomme, S., Serre, D., Diab, Y., & Laganier, R. (2013). Analyzing resilience of urban networks: a preliminary step towards more flood resilient cities. Natural hazards and earth system sciences, 13(2): 221-230.
Lhomme, S., Serre, D., Diab, Y., & Laganier, R. (2013). Analyzing resilience of urban networks: a preliminary step towards more flood resilient cities. Natural hazards and earth system sciences, 13(2): 221-230.
Liao, K.-H. 2012. A theory on urban resilience to floods—a basis for alternative planning practices. Ecology and society, 17(4).
Liao, K.-H. 2012. A theory on urban resilience to floods—a basis for alternative planning practices. Ecology and society, 17(4).
Linkov, I., Bridges, T., Creutzig, F., Decker, J., Fox-Lent, C., Kröger, W., . . . Nathwani, J. 2014. Changing the resilience paradigm. Nature Climate Change, 4(6): 407-409.
Linkov, I., Bridges, T., Creutzig, F., Decker, J., Fox-Lent, C., Kröger, W., . . . Nathwani, J. 2014. Changing the resilience paradigm. Nature Climate Change, 4(6): 407-409.
Meerow, S., Newell, J. P., & Stults, M. 2016. Defining urban resilience: A review. Landscape and Urban Planning, 147: 38-49.
Meerow, S., Newell, J. P., & Stults, M. 2016. Defining urban resilience: A review. Landscape and Urban Planning, 147: 38-49.
Miguez, M. G., & Veról, A. P. 2017. A catchment scale Integrated Flood Resilience Index to support decision making in urban flood control design. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, 44(5): 925-946.
Miguez, M. G., & Veról, A. P. 2017. A catchment scale Integrated Flood Resilience Index to support decision making in urban flood control design. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, 44(5): 925-946.
Mills, G., Cleugh, H., Emmanuel, R., Endlicher, W., Erell, E., McGranahan, G., . . . Steemer, K. 2010. Climate information for improved planning and management of mega cities (needs perspective). Procedia Environmental Sciences, 1: 228-246.
Mills, G., Cleugh, H., Emmanuel, R., Endlicher, W., Erell, E., McGranahan, G., . . . Steemer, K. 2010. Climate information for improved planning and management of mega cities (needs perspective). Procedia Environmental Sciences, 1: 228-246.
Moghadas, M., Asadzadeh, A., Vafeidis, A., Fekete, A., & Kötter, T. 2019. A multi-criteria approach for assessing urban flood resilience in Tehran, Iran. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 35: 101069.
Moghadas, M., Asadzadeh, A., Vafeidis, A., Fekete, A., & Kötter, T. 2019. A multi-criteria approach for assessing urban flood resilience in Tehran, Iran. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 35: 101069.
Mugume, S. N., Gomez, D. E., Fu, G., Farmani, R., & Butler, D. 2015. A global analysis approach for investigating structural resilience in urban drainage systems. Water Research, 81: 15-26.
Mugume, S. N., Gomez, D. E., Fu, G., Farmani, R., & Butler, D. 2015. A global analysis approach for investigating structural resilience in urban drainage systems. Water Research, 81: 15-26.
Parsons, M., Glavac, S., Hastings, P., Marshall, G., McGregor, J., McNeill, J., . . . Stayner, R. 2016. Top-down assessment of disaster resilience: A conceptual framework using coping and adaptive capacities. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 19: 1-11.
Parsons, M., Glavac, S., Hastings, P., Marshall, G., McGregor, J., McNeill, J., . . . Stayner, R. 2016. Top-down assessment of disaster resilience: A conceptual framework using coping and adaptive capacities. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 19: 1-11.
Peacock, W. G., Brody, S. D., Seitz, W. A., Merrell, W. J., Vedlitz, A., Zahran, S., . . . Stickney, R. 2010. Advancing resilience of coastal localities: Developing, implementing, and sustaining the use of coastal resilience indicators: A final report. Hazard Reduction and Recovery Center, 1-148.
Peacock, W. G., Brody, S. D., Seitz, W. A., Merrell, W. J., Vedlitz, A., Zahran, S., . . . Stickney, R. 2010. Advancing resilience of coastal localities: Developing, implementing, and sustaining the use of coastal resilience indicators: A final report. Hazard Reduction and Recovery Center, 1-148.
Pfefferbaum, B., Pfefferbaum, R. L., & Van Horn, R. L. 2015. Community resilience interventions: Participatory, assessment-based, action-oriented processes. American Behavioral Scientist, 59(2): 238-253.
Pfefferbaum, B., Pfefferbaum, R. L., & Van Horn, R. L. 2015. Community resilience interventions: Participatory, assessment-based, action-oriented processes. American Behavioral Scientist, 59(2): 238-253.
Qiao, H., & Pei, J. 2021. Urban Stormwater Resilience Assessment Method Based on Cloud Model and TOPSIS. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(1): 38.
Qiao, H., & Pei, J. 2021. Urban Stormwater Resilience Assessment Method Based on Cloud Model and TOPSIS. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(1): 38.
Restemeyer, B., Woltjer, J., & van den Brink, M. 2015. A strategy-based framework for assessing the flood resilience of cities–A Hamburg case study. Planning Theory & Practice, 16(1): 45-62.
Restemeyer, B., Woltjer, J., & van den Brink, M. 2015. A strategy-based framework for assessing the flood resilience of cities–A Hamburg case study. Planning Theory & Practice, 16(1): 45-62.
Rezende, O. 2018. Quantitative analysis of flood resilience for urban planning: case of the canal do Mangue in-Rio de Janeiro. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Rezende, O. 2018. Quantitative analysis of flood resilience for urban planning: case of the canal do Mangue in-Rio de Janeiro. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Rezende, O. M., Cruz de Franco, A. B. R. d., Oliveira, A. K. B. d., Jacob, A. C. P., & Miguez, M. G. 2018. A Framework to Assess Urban Floods Resilience. Paper presented at the International Conference on Urban Drainage Modelling.
Rezende, O. M., Cruz de Franco, A. B. R. d., Oliveira, A. K. B. d., Jacob, A. C. P., & Miguez, M. G. 2018. A Framework to Assess Urban Floods Resilience. Paper presented at the International Conference on Urban Drainage Modelling.
Rezende, O. M., Miranda, F. M., Haddad, A. N., & Miguez, M. G. 2019. A framework to evaluate urban flood resilience of design alternatives for flood defence considering future adverse scenarios. Water, 11(7): 1485.
Rezende, O. M., Miranda, F. M., Haddad, A. N., & Miguez, M. G. 2019. A framework to evaluate urban flood resilience of design alternatives for flood defence considering future adverse scenarios. Water, 11(7): 1485.
Russo, B., Velasco, M., Locatelli, L., Sunyer, D., Yubero, D., Monjo, R., . . . Evans, B. 2020. Assessment of urban flood resilience in barcelona for current and future Scenarios. The RESCCUE project. Sustainability, 12(14): 5638.
Russo, B., Velasco, M., Locatelli, L., Sunyer, D., Yubero, D., Monjo, R., . . . Evans, B. 2020. Assessment of urban flood resilience in barcelona for current and future Scenarios. The RESCCUE project. Sustainability, 12(14): 5638.
Serre, D., & Heinzlef, C. 2018. Assessing and mapping urban resilience to floods with respect to cascading effects through critical infrastructure networks. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 30:235-243.
Serre, D., & Heinzlef, C. 2018. Assessing and mapping urban resilience to floods with respect to cascading effects through critical infrastructure networks. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 30:235-243.
Sudradjat, A., Nastiti, A., Barlian, K., & Angga, M. S. 2020. Flood and Drought Resilience Measurement at Andir Urban Village, Indonesia. Paper presented at the E3S Web of Conferences.
Sudradjat, A., Nastiti, A., Barlian, K., & Angga, M. S. 2020. Flood and Drought Resilience Measurement at Andir Urban Village, Indonesia. Paper presented at the E3S Web of Conferences.
Szewranski, S., Swiader, M., Kazak, J. K., Tokarczyk-Dorociak, K., & van Hoof, J. 2018. Socio-Environmental Vulnerability Mapping for Environmental and Flood Resilience Assessment: The Case of Ageing and Poverty in the City of Wrocaw, Poland. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, 14(5): 592-597. doi:10.1002/ieam.4077
Szewranski, S., Swiader, M., Kazak, J. K., Tokarczyk-Dorociak, K., & van Hoof, J. 2018. Socio-Environmental Vulnerability Mapping for Environmental and Flood Resilience Assessment: The Case of Ageing and Poverty in the City of Wrocaw, Poland. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, 14(5): 592-597. doi:10.1002/ieam.4077
Tayyab, M., Zhang, J., Hussain, M., Ullah, S., Liu, X., Khan, S. N., . . . Al-Shaibah, B. 2021. GIS-Based Urban Flood Resilience Assessment Using Urban Flood Resilience Model: A Case Study of Peshawar City, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Remote Sensing, 13(10): 1864.
Tayyab, M., Zhang, J., Hussain, M., Ullah, S., Liu, X., Khan, S. N., . . . Al-Shaibah, B. 2021. GIS-Based Urban Flood Resilience Assessment Using Urban Flood Resilience Model: A Case Study of Peshawar City, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Remote Sensing, 13(10): 1864.
Timmermann, P. 1981. Vulnerability, resilience and the collapse of society. Environmental Monograph, 1: 1-42.
Timmermann, P. 1981. Vulnerability, resilience and the collapse of society. Environmental Monograph, 1: 1-42.
UNISDR, C. 2015. The human cost of natural disasters: A global perspective.
UNISDR, C. 2015. The human cost of natural disasters: A global perspective.
Waghwala, R. K., & Agnihotri, P. 2019. Flood risk assessment and resilience strategies for flood risk management: A case study of Surat City. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 40: 101155.
Waghwala, R. K., & Agnihotri, P. 2019. Flood risk assessment and resilience strategies for flood risk management: A case study of Surat City. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 40: 101155.
Wang, P., Li, Y., & Zhang, Y. 2021. An urban system perspective on urban flood resilience using SEM: evidence from Nanjing city, China. Natural hazards, 109(3): 2575-2599.
Wang, P., Li, Y., & Zhang, Y. 2021. An urban system perspective on urban flood resilience using SEM: evidence from Nanjing city, China. Natural hazards, 109(3): 2575-2599.
Wang, Y., Meng, F., Liu, H., Zhang, C., & Fu, G. 2019. Assessing catchment scale flood resilience of urban areas using a grid cell based metric. Water Research, 163: 114852.
Wang, Y., Meng, F., Liu, H., Zhang, C., & Fu, G. 2019. Assessing catchment scale flood resilience of urban areas using a grid cell based metric. Water Research, 163: 114852.
Weir, M., Pindus, N., Wial, H., & Wolman, H. 2012. Urban and regional policy and its effects: building resilient regions (Vol. 4): Brookings Institution Press.
Weir, M., Pindus, N., Wial, H., & Wolman, H. 2012. Urban and regional policy and its effects: building resilient regions (Vol. 4): Brookings Institution Press.
Wong, T. H., & Brown, R. R. 2009. The water sensitive city: principles for practice. Water Science and Technology, 60(3): 673-682.
Wong, T. H., & Brown, R. R. 2009. The water sensitive city: principles for practice. Water Science and Technology, 60(3): 673-682.
Xu, W., Cong, J., Proverbs, D., & Zhang, L. 2021. An Evaluation of Urban Resilience to Flooding. Water, 13(15): 2022.
Xu, W., Cong, J., Proverbs, D., & Zhang, L. 2021. An Evaluation of Urban Resilience to Flooding. Water, 13(15): 2022.
Xu, W., Xiang, L., & Proverbs, D. 2020. Assessing community resilience to urban flooding in multiple types of the transient population in China. Water, 12(10): 2784.
Xu, W., Xiang, L., & Proverbs, D. 2020. Assessing community resilience to urban flooding in multiple types of the transient population in China. Water, 12(10): 2784.
Zhang, H., Yang, J., Li, L., Shen, D., Wei, G., & Dong, S. 2021. Measuring the resilience to floods: A comparative analysis of key flood control cities in China. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 59: 102248.
Zhang, H., Yang, J., Li, L., Shen, D., Wei, G., & Dong, S. 2021. Measuring the resilience to floods: A comparative analysis of key flood control cities in China. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 59: 102248.