تحلیل فضایی مخاطرات محیطی

تحلیل فضایی مخاطرات محیطی

پهنه‌بندی پتانسیل شدت بیابان‌زایی با استفاده از مدل‌های امتیازی مورا و آراس

نویسنده
دانشگاه آزاد
چکیده
پهنه­بندی پدیده­ها به منظور شناخت و ارزیابی وضع کنونی، به عنوان پایه تصمیم­گیری، از ملزومات مدیریت علمی منابع طبیعی می­باشد، بنابراین در مدیریت عرصه­های بیابانی نیز به منظور پیشگیری از پرداخت هزینه­های گزاف تصمیم­گیری نادرست نیاز به روش­های قوی و مستدلی در شناخت وضع فعلی و روند توسعه می­باشیم، براین مبنا هدف اصلی پژوهش حاضر، ارائه مدلی مناسب جهت پهنه­بندی توزیع فضایی خطر بیابان­زایی با استفاده از تکنیک­های امتیازی مورا، آراس و استفاده از سامانه اطلاعات جغرافیایی در زیرحوضه یزد- خضرآباد می­باشد. از این رو در ابتدا پس از تعیین واحدهای کاری به روش ژئومرفولوژی، اهمیت شاخص­ها در هر واحد بر مبنای روش دلفی به دست آمد و اهمیت شاخص­ها نسبت به هم از روش آنتروپی شانون برآورد شد، سپس ماتریس تصمیم شکل گرفت و بعد از موزون­سازی، پتانسیل شدت بیابانزایی با محاسبه ضریب مطلوبیت از روش امتیازی مورا و آراس برآورد شد. نتایج حاصل از تحلیل­های صورت گرفته از هر دو مدل نشان داد که واحد اراضی کشاورزی کوهستانی و کشاورزی دشتی، واجد بیشترین پتانسیل بیابان­زایی می­باشند که 7135 هکتار (11/9 %) از کل منطقه مطالعاتی را در برگرفته­اند. بیشترین اراضی منطقه، تحت تاثیر بیابانزایی با شدت نسبتاً متوسط (III) قرار دارد و ارزش کمی پتانسیل بیابانزایی برای کل منطقه از مجموع شاخص­ها در کلاس متوسط (IV) به دست آمد.. بنابراین پیشنهاد می­شود که در طرح­های کنترل و کاهش اثرات بیابان­زایی و احیاء اراضی تخریب یافته، نتایج و رتبه­بندی به دست آمده مورد توجه قرار گیرد.
کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله English

Zoning potential of desertification intensity using Moora and Aras scoring models

نویسنده English

Mohammad Hassan Sadeghiravesh
Islamic Azad University
چکیده English

The zoning of phenomena in order to recognize and evaluate the current situation as a basis for decision-making is one of the of scientific management essentials of natural resources. In the management of desert areas to prevent paying exorbitant costs and making incorrect decisions, strong and well-reasoned methods are needed to understand the current situation and the development process. Therefore, the main goal of the current research is to provide a suitable model for zoning the spatial distribution of desertification risk by using Moora, Aras scoring techniques and the use of geographic information system in Yazd-Khizrabad sub-basin. At first, after determining the working units by geomorphological method, the importance of indicators in each unit was obtained based on the Delphi method. Shannon's entropy method was used for the relative importance of indicators. Then the decision matrix was formed and after weighting, the potential of desertification intensity was estimated by calculating the desirability coefficient from Moora and Aras scoring method. The results of the analysis of both models showed that the land units of Mountain Agricultural Grounds (MAG) and Plan Agricultural Grounds (PAG) have the highest desertification potential, which covers 7135 ha (9.11%) of the entire study area and Quantitative value of desertification potential for the whole region based on the all of indicators was placed in the middle class (IV). It is suggested that the obtained results and ranking should be taken into consideration in the plans for controlling and reducing the effects of desertification and rehabilitating degraded lands.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

ARAS
Zoning
Desertification
Multi-Criteria Decision Making
Hierarchical structure
points models
Moora
Abrisham, E. 2004. Evaluation and mapping of desertification condition in Fakhrabad--Mehriz region with the FAO-UNEP and MICD models. (M.Sc Thesis), University of Tehran. Tehran, Iran.
Ahmadi, H.; E. Abrisham, M. R. Ekhtesasi, M. Jafari, and A. Gokarian. 2005. Evaluation and mapping of desertification condition in FAKHRABAD-MEHRIZ region with the ICD and MICD models. BIABAN, 10(1-1): 37-50.
Ahmadi, H.; G. H. Zehtabian, M. Jafari, H. Azarnivand. 2006. Iranian model of potential desertification assessment. Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
Asgharizadeh, E.; and A. Mohammadi Balani. 2021. Multi-attribute decision making techniques. Publication of Tehran University, Tehran, Iran.
Asgharpour, M. J. 2014. Multi-Criteria Decision Making. Publication of Tehran University, Tehran, Iran.
Aslinezhad, N.; A. Pahlavanravi, N. Basirani, M. Ebrahimi, and R. Kharazmi. 2014. Assessment of land degradation and desertification with use of IMDPA model (Case Study; Chah-hashm Plain, Iran). International journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research, 2: 2644-2650.
Azar, A. 1999. Development of Shannon Entropy Method for Data Processing in Content Analysis. Alzahra University Journal of Science, 37-38: 1-18.
Azar, A.; and h. Faraji. 2016. Science of fuzzy management. Mehraban press, Tehran, Iran.
Azar, A; and A. Rajabzadeh. 2017. Applied Decision Making with an Approach of Multi-Attribute Decision Making (MADM). Publication of Negah Danesh, Tehran, Iran.
Bakhshandehmehr, L. 2008. Quantitive assessment of desertification present status in east of Isfahan and a regional model development with emphasis on MEDALUS method. M.sc. Dissertation, University of Isfahan.
Bednarik, M.; B. Magulova, M. Matys, and M. Marschalko. 2010. Landslide Susceptibility Assessment of the Kral Ovany–Liptovsky Mikulas Railway Case Study, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 35(3-5):162-171.
Bidgoli, R. D.; H. Koohbanani, M. Yazdani, and J. Dashti Amirabad. 2019. Risk assessment of land destruction and desertification severity using fuzzy method (case study: Miyandehi, Khorasan Razavi province), Iranian Journal of Range and Desert Research, 25(4): 877-887.
D’Odorico, P.; A. Bhattachan, K. Davis, S. Ravi, and C. Runyan. 2013. Global desertification: Drivers and feedbacks. Advances in Water Resources, 51, 326– 344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2012.01.013
Ekhtesasi, M. R.; and S. Mohajeri. 1995. Classification of the Type and Severity of Desertification in Iran. Proceeded In 2th National Conference on Desert Areas Issues, Kerman, Iran.
EC. 1999. Mediteranean Desertification and Land Use (MEDALUS). London, England, MEDALUS office.
FAOUNEP. 1984. Provisional Methodology for Assessment and Mapping of Desertification. Rome, Italy, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, United Nations Environmental Program.
Gharachelo, S.; M. R. Ekhtesasi, M. Zareian Jahromi, and. M. B. Samadi. 2021. Evaluation of current condition of desertification using I.C.D Model, case study: Khezrabad, Yazd. Iranian Journal of Range and Desert Reseach, 17(3): 402-420.
Jafari, R.; and L. Bakhshandehmehr. 2016. Quantitative mapping and assessment of environmentally sensitive areas to desertification in central Iran. Land Degradation and Development. 27: 108-119. DOI: 10.1002.ldr.2227.
Kardavani, P. 2010. Arid areas, climatic features, drought causes, water issues, Volume I. Publication of Tehran University, Tehran, Iran.
Kirkby, M. J.; R. Abrahart, M. D. McMahon, J. Shao, and J. B. Thornes. 1998. MEDALUS soil erosion models for global change, Journal of Geomorphology, 24: 35–49.
Koohbanani, H.; J. Dashti Amirabad, S. Nikoo, and A. Taya. 2017. Desertification-intensity zoning through Fuzzy-Logic approach: a case study of Deyhook-Tabas, Iran. Quarterly journal of Environmental Erosion Research, 25(1): 35-49.
Koohafkan, A. P.; D. Lantieri, and F. Nachtergaele. 2003. Land Degradation Assessment in Drylands (LADA) guidelines for a methodological approach. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Rome, Italy. www.fao.org/ag/agl/agll/lada/bckgrdocs.stm
Lamchin, M.; J. Y. Lee, W. K. Lee, E. J. Lee, M. Kim, C. H. Lim, H. A. Choi, and S. R. Kim. 2015. Assessment of land cover change and desertification using remote sensing technology in a local region of Mongolia. Advances in Space Research, 57: 64-77.
Maged, E. G.; L. M. Chang, and L. Zang. 2005. Utility- Function Model for Engineering Performance Assessment. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 131(5): 558-565.
Meixner, O. 2009. Fuzzy AHP group decision analysis and its application for the evaluation of energy sources. In 10th International Symposium on the Analytic Hierarchy/Network Process, 2009: Pittsburgh, USA (Vol. 29).
Nachtergaele, F.O.F.; and C. Licona-Manzur. 2009. The Land Degradation Assessment in Drylands (LADA) Project: Reflections on Indicators for Land Degradation Assessment, the Future of Drylands, January 01: 327-348
Oldeman, L.R.; R. T. A. Hakkeling, and W. G. Sombroek. 1991. World Map of the Status of Human Induced Soil Degradation. ISRIC/UNEP, Wageningen, Netherlands.
Rayegani, B.; G. H. Zehtabian, and S. Barati. 2013. Surveying of Iranian Model of Desertification Potential Assessment. Iranian Journal of Applied Ecology, 2(4):73-99.
Sadeghiravesh, M. H. 2014. Zoning the potential of desertification hazard using the MADM approach and Shannon entropy model in the Khezrabad region, Yazd province. Iranian Journal of Soil Research, 28(3): 572-588.
Sadeghiravesh, M. H. 2016. Zoning the potential of desertification hazard using the principal component analysis model in the Khezrabad region. Journal of geographic space, 16 (56): 241-261.
Sadeghiravesh, M. H. 2020. Desertification hazard zoning using Multi-Attribute Utility Theory (MAUT) model. Environmental Recerches, 10 (20):177-194.
Sadeghiravesh, M. H. 2023. Sensitivity analysis of combat desertification strategies in Fuzzy environment in Yazd-Khezrabad sub-catchment (Saduq County). Journal of Watershed Management Research, 13(26): 203-214. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.52547/jwmr.13.26.203
Sadeghiravesh, M. H.; and H. Ahmadi. 2014. Zoning desertification Potential risk in Abozydabad region by using modified numerical taxonomy model. Geographical Space, 14(47): 83-99.
Sadeghiravesh, M. H.; and H. Ahmadi, G. R. Zehtabian, M. Rehayi Khoram. 2009. Development of the Numerical Taxonomy (MNT) model to assess desertification: an example of modeling intensity in central Iran. Philippine Agricultural Scientist, Vol 92(2), pp. 213- 227.
Sadeghiravesh, M. H.; and H. Khosravi. 2012. Zoning wind erosion potential risk in central Iran using modified numerical taxonomy model. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, 12 (1): 91-99.
Sadeghiravesh, M. H.; and H. Khosravi. 2022. Assessment the hazard of desertification using fuzzy TOPSIS logic in GIS environment, Journal of Environmental Sciences and Technalogy, 24(3): 221-229.
Sadeghiravesh, M. H.; H. Khosravi, A. Abolhasani, M. Ghodsi, and A. Mosavi. 2021. Fuzzy logic model to assess desertification intensity based on vulnerability indices. Acta Polytechnica Hungarica, 18(3): 7-24.
Sadeghiravesh, M. H.; G. H. Zehtabian, and T. Tahmores. 2012. A vulnerability assessment of environmental issue to desertification risk (case study: Khezrabad region, Yazd). Journal of Watershed Management Research, 96 (1): 75-87.
Silakhori, E.; M. Ownegh, and M. Soleimani sardo. 2019. Assessment of risk and hazard desertification using Topsis-GIS method (case study: Bashtin, Sabzevar, Razavi province). Journal of Arid Regions Geographics Studies, 9 (35): 44-59.
Shannon, C. E. 1948. A Mathematical Theory of Communication. Bell System Technical Journal, 27 (3): 379–423.
Sharifi, M.; and Z. Farahbakhsh. 2016. Investigation about temperature and humidity anomalies between pleistocene and present times؛ reconstruction of climate condition using geomorphic evidence (case study: Khezrabad-Yazd). Physical Geography Researches, 47(4): 583-605. Doi: 10.22059/JPHGR.2015.56051
Soleimani-damaneh, M; and M. Zarepisheh. 2009. Shannons Entropy Combining the Efficiency Results of Different DEA Models: Method and application. Journal of Expert System with Applications. 36(3): 5146-5150.
UNCCD. 1994. United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. Paris, France, UNCCD press, 56pp.https://www.unccd.int/sites/default/files/relevant-inks/201701/UNCCD_Convention_ENG_0.pdF
Van Lynden, G. W. J.; and L. R. Oldeman. 1997. The Assessment of the Status of Human-induced Soil Degradation in South and South East Asia. ISRIC, Wageningen, Netherlands. https://edepot.wur.nl/287427
Wang, Y.; J. Zhang, E. Guo, and Z. Sun. 2015. Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation- based disaster risk assessment of desertification in Horqin Sand land, China, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12: 1703 –1725.
Zak, J. 2005. The Comparison of Multi-Objective Ranking Methods Applied to Solve the Mass Transit Systems Decision Problems. Proceeding of 16th Mini Euro Conferences and 10th Meeting of the Euro Working Group of Transportation (EWGT). Poznan, Poland: 926-941.
Zehtabian, G. R .; H. Ahmadi, M. R. Ekhtesasi, and R. Jafari. 2002. Itensity Determination of Wind Erosion in Kashan Area by the Desertification Model. Iranian Journal of Natural Resources, 55(2):145-157
Abrisham, E. 2004. Evaluation and mapping of desertification condition in Fakhrabad--Mehriz region with the FAO-UNEP and MICD models. (M.Sc Thesis), University of Tehran. Tehran, Iran.
Ahmadi, H.; E. Abrisham, M. R. Ekhtesasi, M. Jafari, and A. Gokarian. 2005. Evaluation and mapping of desertification condition in FAKHRABAD-MEHRIZ region with the ICD and MICD models. BIABAN, 10(1-1): 37-50.
Ahmadi, H.; G. H. Zehtabian, M. Jafari, H. Azarnivand. 2006. Iranian model of potential desertification assessment. Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
Asgharizadeh, E.; and A. Mohammadi Balani. 2021. Multi-attribute decision making techniques. Publication of Tehran University, Tehran, Iran.
Asgharpour, M. J. 2014. Multi-Criteria Decision Making. Publication of Tehran University, Tehran, Iran.
Aslinezhad, N.; A. Pahlavanravi, N. Basirani, M. Ebrahimi, and R. Kharazmi. 2014. Assessment of land degradation and desertification with use of IMDPA model (Case Study; Chah-hashm Plain, Iran). International journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research, 2: 2644-2650.
Azar, A. 1999. Development of Shannon Entropy Method for Data Processing in Content Analysis. Alzahra University Journal of Science, 37-38: 1-18.
Azar, A.; and h. Faraji. 2016. Science of fuzzy management. Mehraban press, Tehran, Iran.
Azar, A; and A. Rajabzadeh. 2017. Applied Decision Making with an Approach of Multi-Attribute Decision Making (MADM). Publication of Negah Danesh, Tehran, Iran.
Bakhshandehmehr, L. 2008. Quantitive assessment of desertification present status in east of Isfahan and a regional model development with emphasis on MEDALUS method. M.sc. Dissertation, University of Isfahan.
Bednarik, M.; B. Magulova, M. Matys, and M. Marschalko. 2010. Landslide Susceptibility Assessment of the Kral Ovany–Liptovsky Mikulas Railway Case Study, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 35(3-5):162-171.
Bidgoli, R. D.; H. Koohbanani, M. Yazdani, and J. Dashti Amirabad. 2019. Risk assessment of land destruction and desertification severity using fuzzy method (case study: Miyandehi, Khorasan Razavi province), Iranian Journal of Range and Desert Research, 25(4): 877-887.
D’Odorico, P.; A. Bhattachan, K. Davis, S. Ravi, and C. Runyan. 2013. Global desertification: Drivers and feedbacks. Advances in Water Resources, 51, 326– 344. [DOI:10.1016/j.advwatres.2012.01.013]
Ekhtesasi, M. R.; and S. Mohajeri. 1995. Classification of the Type and Severity of Desertification in Iran. Proceeded In 2th National Conference on Desert Areas Issues, Kerman, Iran.
EC. 1999. Mediteranean Desertification and Land Use (MEDALUS). London, England, MEDALUS office.
FAOUNEP. 1984. Provisional Methodology for Assessment and Mapping of Desertification. Rome, Italy, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, United Nations Environmental Program.
Gharachelo, S.; M. R. Ekhtesasi, M. Zareian Jahromi, and. M. B. Samadi. 2021. Evaluation of current condition of desertification using I.C.D Model, case study: Khezrabad, Yazd. Iranian Journal of Range and Desert Reseach, 17(3): 402-420.
Jafari, R.; and L. Bakhshandehmehr. 2016. Quantitative mapping and assessment of environmentally sensitive areas to desertification in central Iran. Land Degradation and Development. 27: 108-119. DOI: 10.1002.ldr.2227.
Kardavani, P. 2010. Arid areas, climatic features, drought causes, water issues, Volume I. Publication of Tehran University, Tehran, Iran.
Kirkby, M. J.; R. Abrahart, M. D. McMahon, J. Shao, and J. B. Thornes. 1998. MEDALUS soil erosion models for global change, Journal of Geomorphology, 24: 35–49.
Koohbanani, H.; J. Dashti Amirabad, S. Nikoo, and A. Taya. 2017. Desertification-intensity zoning through Fuzzy-Logic approach: a case study of Deyhook-Tabas, Iran. Quarterly journal of Environmental Erosion Research, 25(1): 35-49.
Koohafkan, A. P.; D. Lantieri, and F. Nachtergaele. 2003. Land Degradation Assessment in Drylands (LADA) guidelines for a methodological approach. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Rome, Italy. www.fao.org/ag/agl/agll/lada/bckgrdocs.stm
Lamchin, M.; J. Y. Lee, W. K. Lee, E. J. Lee, M. Kim, C. H. Lim, H. A. Choi, and S. R. Kim. 2015. Assessment of land cover change and desertification using remote sensing technology in a local region of Mongolia. Advances in Space Research, 57: 64-77.
Maged, E. G.; L. M. Chang, and L. Zang. 2005. Utility- Function Model for Engineering Performance Assessment. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 131(5): 558-565.
Meixner, O. 2009. Fuzzy AHP group decision analysis and its application for the evaluation of energy sources. In 10th International Symposium on the Analytic Hierarchy/Network Process, 2009: Pittsburgh, USA (Vol. 29).
Nachtergaele, F.O.F.; and C. Licona-Manzur. 2009. The Land Degradation Assessment in Drylands (LADA) Project: Reflections on Indicators for Land Degradation Assessment, the Future of Drylands, January 01: 327-348
Oldeman, L.R.; R. T. A. Hakkeling, and W. G. Sombroek. 1991. World Map of the Status of Human Induced Soil Degradation. ISRIC/UNEP, Wageningen, Netherlands.
Rayegani, B.; G. H. Zehtabian, and S. Barati. 2013. Surveying of Iranian Model of Desertification Potential Assessment. Iranian Journal of Applied Ecology, 2(4):73-99.
Sadeghiravesh, M. H. 2014. Zoning the potential of desertification hazard using the MADM approach and Shannon entropy model in the Khezrabad region, Yazd province. Iranian Journal of Soil Research, 28(3): 572-588.
Sadeghiravesh, M. H. 2016. Zoning the potential of desertification hazard using the principal component analysis model in the Khezrabad region. Journal of geographic space, 16 (56): 241-261.
Sadeghiravesh, M. H. 2020. Desertification hazard zoning using Multi-Attribute Utility Theory (MAUT) model. Environmental Recerches, 10 (20):177-194.
Sadeghiravesh, M. H. 2023. Sensitivity analysis of combat desertification strategies in Fuzzy environment in Yazd-Khezrabad sub-catchment (Saduq County). Journal of Watershed Management Research, 13(26): 203-214. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.52547/jwmr.13.26.203
Sadeghiravesh, M. H.; and H. Ahmadi. 2014. Zoning desertification Potential risk in Abozydabad region by using modified numerical taxonomy model. Geographical Space, 14(47): 83-99.
Sadeghiravesh, M. H.; and H. Ahmadi, G. R. Zehtabian, M. Rehayi Khoram. 2009. Development of the Numerical Taxonomy (MNT) model to assess desertification: an example of modeling intensity in central Iran. Philippine Agricultural Scientist, Vol 92(2), pp. 213- 227.
Sadeghiravesh, M. H.; and H. Khosravi. 2012. Zoning wind erosion potential risk in central Iran using modified numerical taxonomy model. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, 12 (1): 91-99.
Sadeghiravesh, M. H.; and H. Khosravi. 2022. Assessment the hazard of desertification using fuzzy TOPSIS logic in GIS environment, Journal of Environmental Sciences and Technalogy, 24(3): 221-229.
Sadeghiravesh, M. H.; H. Khosravi, A. Abolhasani, M. Ghodsi, and A. Mosavi. 2021. Fuzzy logic model to assess desertification intensity based on vulnerability indices. Acta Polytechnica Hungarica, 18(3): 7-24.
Sadeghiravesh, M. H.; G. H. Zehtabian, and T. Tahmores. 2012. A vulnerability assessment of environmental issue to desertification risk (case study: Khezrabad region, Yazd). Journal of Watershed Management Research, 96 (1): 75-87.
Silakhori, E.; M. Ownegh, and M. Soleimani sardo. 2019. Assessment of risk and hazard desertification using Topsis-GIS method (case study: Bashtin, Sabzevar, Razavi province). Journal of Arid Regions Geographics Studies, 9 (35): 44-59.
Shannon, C. E. 1948. A Mathematical Theory of Communication. Bell System Technical Journal, 27 (3): 379–423.
Sharifi, M.; and Z. Farahbakhsh. 2016. Investigation about temperature and humidity anomalies between pleistocene and present times؛ reconstruction of climate condition using geomorphic evidence (case study: Khezrabad-Yazd). Physical Geography Researches, 47(4): 583-605. Doi: 10.22059/JPHGR.2015.56051
Soleimani-damaneh, M; and M. Zarepisheh. 2009. Shannons Entropy Combining the Efficiency Results of Different DEA Models: Method and application. Journal of Expert System with Applications. 36(3): 5146-5150.
UNCCD. 1994. United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. Paris, France, UNCCD press, 56pp.https://www.unccd.int/sites/default/files/relevant-inks/201701/UNCCD_Convention_ENG_0.pdF
Van Lynden, G. W. J.; and L. R. Oldeman. 1997. The Assessment of the Status of Human-induced Soil Degradation in South and South East Asia. ISRIC, Wageningen, Netherlands. https://edepot.wur.nl/287427
Wang, Y.; J. Zhang, E. Guo, and Z. Sun. 2015. Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation- based disaster risk assessment of desertification in Horqin Sand land, China, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12: 1703 –1725.
Zak, J. 2005. The Comparison of Multi-Objective Ranking Methods Applied to Solve the Mass Transit Systems Decision Problems. Proceeding of 16th Mini Euro Conferences and 10th Meeting of the Euro Working Group of Transportation (EWGT). Poznan, Poland: 926-941.
Zehtabian, G. R .; H. Ahmadi, M. R. Ekhtesasi, and R. Jafari. 2002. Itensity Determination of Wind Erosion in Kashan Area by the Desertification Model. Iranian Journal of Natural Resources, 55(2):145-157
Abrisham, E. 2004. Evaluation and mapping of desertification condition in Fakhrabad--Mehriz region with the FAO-UNEP and MICD models. (M.Sc Thesis), University of Tehran. Tehran, Iran.
Ahmadi, H.; E. Abrisham, M. R. Ekhtesasi, M. Jafari, and A. Gokarian. 2005. Evaluation and mapping of desertification condition in FAKHRABAD-MEHRIZ region with the ICD and MICD models. BIABAN, 10(1-1): 37-50.
Ahmadi, H.; G. H. Zehtabian, M. Jafari, H. Azarnivand. 2006. Iranian model of potential desertification assessment. Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
Asgharizadeh, E.; and A. Mohammadi Balani. 2021. Multi-attribute decision making techniques. Publication of Tehran University, Tehran, Iran.
Asgharpour, M. J. 2014. Multi-Criteria Decision Making. Publication of Tehran University, Tehran, Iran.
Aslinezhad, N.; A. Pahlavanravi, N. Basirani, M. Ebrahimi, and R. Kharazmi. 2014. Assessment of land degradation and desertification with use of IMDPA model (Case Study; Chah-hashm Plain, Iran). International journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research, 2: 2644-2650.
Azar, A. 1999. Development of Shannon Entropy Method for Data Processing in Content Analysis. Alzahra University Journal of Science, 37-38: 1-18.
Azar, A.; and h. Faraji. 2016. Science of fuzzy management. Mehraban press, Tehran, Iran.
Azar, A; and A. Rajabzadeh. 2017. Applied Decision Making with an Approach of Multi-Attribute Decision Making (MADM). Publication of Negah Danesh, Tehran, Iran.
Bakhshandehmehr, L. 2008. Quantitive assessment of desertification present status in east of Isfahan and a regional model development with emphasis on MEDALUS method. M.sc. Dissertation, University of Isfahan.
Bednarik, M.; B. Magulova, M. Matys, and M. Marschalko. 2010. Landslide Susceptibility Assessment of the Kral Ovany–Liptovsky Mikulas Railway Case Study, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 35(3-5):162-171.
Bidgoli, R. D.; H. Koohbanani, M. Yazdani, and J. Dashti Amirabad. 2019. Risk assessment of land destruction and desertification severity using fuzzy method (case study: Miyandehi, Khorasan Razavi province), Iranian Journal of Range and Desert Research, 25(4): 877-887.
D’Odorico, P.; A. Bhattachan, K. Davis, S. Ravi, and C. Runyan. 2013. Global desertification: Drivers and feedbacks. Advances in Water Resources, 51, 326– 344. [DOI:10.1016/j.advwatres.2012.01.013]
Ekhtesasi, M. R.; and S. Mohajeri. 1995. Classification of the Type and Severity of Desertification in Iran. Proceeded In 2th National Conference on Desert Areas Issues, Kerman, Iran.
EC. 1999. Mediteranean Desertification and Land Use (MEDALUS). London, England, MEDALUS office.
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